Holy Roman Emperors
1792-1835: Francis II (Habsburg)
-governed over mediatization of 1804 where French Republic compensated rulers of left bank of rhine by doing away with all the archduchies except aschaffenburg
-Mecklenburg transplanted to Westphalia, old lands given to Prussia
-w/ Tsar Paul still in power Baden does not get big
-rulers Tuscany gets Salzburg (raised to electorate)
-Austria gets Passau, Regensburg, the greater part of Freising, and the lands of the Abbot of Berchtesgaden
-Bavaria gets Breisgau, the Vorarlberg, and other fragments on right bank of the rhine, and also ansbach and bayreuth, loses Berg to house of Zweibrucken
-Prussia loses lands in south and across Rhine, rest of cleves, and east frisia (goes to batavian rep), but gets Mecklenburgs, Hildesheim and Paderborn, and land in Westphalian district
-two hesses and wurttemberg strengthened, and they, "mecklenburg", and salzburg get electoral dignity
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-provoked by French Revolution (1789-9)
-turns in quick succession into massive European war
-ends with establishment of French Republic-1795: Batavian Revolution, Peace of Basel (w/ Prussia and Spain)
-1796: Rhine Campaign (forced back), Italian Campaign (takeover of Sardinia, defeat at Milan), Vendee Rebellion crushed, French troops landed in Ireland to support United Irishmen
-1797: Italian Campaign (uprisings in Italy, invasion down to Modena, takeover of Milan), Rhine Campaign (Bavaria neutralized), Batavian fleet lands at Dundee w/ Thomas Muir to support United Scotsmen
-1798: Italian Campaign (Siege of Mantua), Rhine Campaign (forced to retreat but retains right bank of rhine), Scottish Rebellion crushed
-1799: Italian Campaign (Peace w/ Tuscany breaks down and it's invaded), Rhine Campaign (austrian attacks deflected), Hoche killed and French Army flees but continued United Irishmen activity
-1800: Italian Campaign (uprising in Rome & France invades (Roman Republic), defeat at Verona), Rhine Campaign (French troops advance to Swabia), British invasion of Venezuela and Buenos Aires
-1801: Italian Campaign (Neapolitan troops, reactionary peasants destroy Roman Republic), Rhine Campaign (French troops advance to Salzburg, Austria sues for peace), British troops in Venezuela forced out, attempts to advance beyond Buenos Aires fail
-1802: Treaty of Salzburg (Peace with Austria and HRE), United Irishmen totally crushed
-1803: France-Papal Concordat
-1804: Treaty of Lille (Peace with UK)
-1805: Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, most prince-bishoprics secularized-France gets border to the Rhine
-and also Savoy and Nice
-and is able to stand as the French Republic-Dutch Republic turned into Batavian Republic
-keeps its colonial empire
-as a French "sister republic"-UK gets Buenos Aires, Trinidad from Spain
-Papal State > Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, of Malta, and of Minorca get Minorca
-Mecklenburg transplanted to Westphalia, old lands given to Prussia
-w/ Tsar Paul still in power Baden does not get big
-rulers Tuscany gets Salzburg (raised to electorate)
-Austria gets Passau, Regensburg, the greater part of Freising, and the lands of the Abbot of Berchtesgaden
-Bavaria gets Breisgau, the Vorarlberg, and other fragments on right bank of the rhine, and also ansbach and bayreuth, loses Berg to house of Zweibrucken
-Prussia loses lands in south and across Rhine, rest of cleves, and east frisia (goes to batavian rep), but gets Mecklenburgs, Hildesheim and Paderborn, and land in Westphalian district
-two hesses and wurttemberg strengthened, and they, "mecklenburg", and salzburg get electoral dignity-Revolutionary Italy after war - in loose Italian Union (literally just a congress of independent states)
-Subalpine Republic consisting of Piedmont
-Ligurian Republic consisting of Genoa
-Etrurian Republic consisting of Tuscany
-Cispadane Republic consisting of Modena and a few small states
-Transpadane Republic consisting of Milan, Mantua, and Venice west of Adige
-State of Lucca consisting of LuccaGreat Irish Rebellion (1796-9)
-1796: Hoche leads French armada; United Irishmen lead Ireland-wide rebellion
-1797: United Irishmen take Dublin, Irish Parliament and government flees to Carrickfergus
-1798:
-1799: Hoche killed in battle; Dublin falls to Tory regiments
-1800-2: Irish croppy rebellions endure before falling away-French invasion occurs slightly earlier, due to superior preparation and admiral replaced earlier
-in November is when it happens
-this improves its conditions
-through this it’s able to land on Cork
-British Isles leads reprisals
-Dissenters identified with rebellions and face diminished status
-rising anti-Dissenter opinions
-Orangemen boom in scale, become both anti-Dissenter and anti-Catholic
-leads Heads of British Isles > 1797-1814 Henry Addington (Tory) to pass new anti-Dissenter regulation by messing with Toleration Act-death toll of 500,000
-another 500,000 people emigrate
-and so War of the French Revolution (1792-1804).html) comes to an end
-domestic policy very autocratic, metternich is the man
-faced with much less of hre in alignment with him (though prussia pushed to edge, bavaria westphalia and two hesses broadly french-aligned)
-attempts an empire-wide concordat with catholic church, but only small states sign on, most instead do their own concordats
-in 1819 elector of bavaria dies, results in end of montgelas' modernizing absolutist regime, state breaking its alignment with france and instead making it with austria
-in the end, europe comes to Second French War (1821-32).html) following neapolitan revolution in 1824
-successfully protects papacy by invading latium and making it rump papal state
-faced with financial crisis due to overspending on army
-is forced to make incredibly huge pay cuts in this era
-but is somewhat relieved by the British Wars > Popular Revolution (1827-9)) meaning the Hanoverian government deletes a lot of its debts
1835-1837: Interregnum
-Francis II's eldest son widely regarded as severely mentally ill
-and second eldest son dies in Cholera epidemics > 1817-1826 epidemic
-also people fear Austrian war debt being hobbled on the entire empire
-and so unable to get him elected as king of the romans, thus interregnum is result
-in this time a series of reforms commences
-Reichsmoderationstag commences to rationalize the administration of the empire
-instead, elite successfully rallies behind Elector of Mark who is also a Habsburg
1837-1869: Leopold III (Habsburg)
-link
-as ruler of only own Electorate was fairly servile in following Austrian interest
-but follows reform interest of Tuscan rulers
-separation of institutions of the Reich from the specifically Habsburg realms
-notably Aulic Council becomes the emperor's council
-in this era pursues era of reforming enlightened despotism with a consultative assembly
-clears out a lot of the old guard
-in favor of a mildly constitutional government and enlightened reform
-however, talk of an elective assembly for the whole Reich dies
-and attempts at reform in specifically Habsburg realms totally fails
-builds a new series of railroads
-a particular link from his Mark to Austria which serves as a trunk for other railroads
-is very influential at this
-sponsors the sciences with several scientific conferences that serve almost as "scientific parliaments"
-in French Wars > Third French War (1847-54)) Hungary declares independence
-and inept Austrian administration is unable to do anything about it
-Austrian Archduke leaves office
-with end of war, Handelsverein (Commercial Union) consolidated
-including creation of parliament for it, the Handelstag
-with control broadly over interstate commerce
-and in particular control of railroad policy
-sees Council of Madrid declaring papal infallibility (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII)
-in opposition large section of German Catholic Church breaks off including the Primate of Germany
-sparks imperial crisis
-a number of princes follow their way into breaking off from Roman Catholic Church
-most notably elector of Bavaria
-in the post-1855 era of schism Leopold seeks to resolve it
-not only dealing with his own lands but also with personalist clerics in the several Protestant states who have immediacy and now are having their lands seized
-in the end Leopold able to resolve this by controversially formalizing the split by requiring that Protestant states which seize churches pay restitution
-in practice this is a win for imperial authority which has power to adjudicate the level of restitution
-reformed Reichskammergericht is what has power to adjudicate this
-secures this in the form of a Concordat which, after all, the weakened papacy cannot but accept
-era of religious awakening and revival provoked by papal exile is something Leopold seeks to manage
-fears a second Thirty Years War
-promotes religious toleration to prevent such religious conflict
-and promotes rise of pan-German religious organizations
1869-1892: Karl VIII (Habsburg)
-now fictional
-seeks the true unification of Germany under his headship
-expands his kingdom a lot and gives him clearer path to national unity
-succeeds and French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4)) sees Germany unified
-and comes to final religious settlement beforehand
-gets shot by a Hungarian revolutionary
1892-1892: Interregnum
-with Karl hoping for a son the electors don't elect a King of the Romans
-but with rally round the flag next successor is swiftly elected
1892-1940: Franz Salvator (Habsburg) [abdicated]
-younger brother of Karl VIII
-first thing in office he does is declare war on behalf of Hungarian monarchy against republicans
-resulting in French Wars > Fifth French War (1892-5))
-treaty is humiliation which sees Hungary turned into a republic
-with catastrophic failure of French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41)) forced to resign
1940-1943: Karl IX (Habsburg) [abdicated]
1943-1949: Interregnum
-some talk of even abolishing the central monarchy in this period (but rejected cuz too French)
-new constitution issued, turning germany into centralized federal monarchy and democratization is now total
-electors of saxony raised in recognition of it being center of industry, and already very democratic
-fourth college of reichstag established for the people with universal male suffrage and partial female suffrage, with laws requiring assent of both fourth college and of other colleges united
Emperors of the German Nation
1949-1959: Friedrich IV (Wettin)
-makes compromise with Kingdom of Bohemia, granting it virtual independence in personal union with austria (now King of Bohemia is the highest title of the habsburgs)
1959-1964: Ludwig V (Wittelsbach)
1964-1984: Ernest (Guelph)
Presidents of the German War Council
1880-1884: Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen (Society of St. Boniface)
-canny figure
-turns Tellian revolt into something supported by all Germany in French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4))
-despite dispute over its liberal institutions, he accepts it
-aside from it needing to have a hereditary Elector which is pretty weak
-resulting war culminates in unification of Germany under new Perpetual Capitulation
-establishing the Empire of the German Nation in place of the moribund Holy Roman Empire
-becomes in the truest sense head of government of Germany postwar
Vice-Presidents of the Reichsregiment
1884-1889: Johann Bernhard von Rechberg und Rothenlöwen (Society of St. Boniface)
-established under the new Perpetual Capitulation
-tries to stop Judaeophobic attacks, but only partially successful
-because to many, Jews are a pro-French fifth column
-ultimately leaves office due to profoundly old age
[...]
1935-1941: W. Leonhard Speiser-Kirchberg (Society of St. Boniface)
-originally known as Winston Spencer-Churchill
-forced to Germanize his name with the French Wars > Fifth French War (1892-5))
-widely considered an extremely strong and traditionalist figure
-quite bullish in fighting against France and helps kick off French Wars > Sixth French War (1937-41))
-all the while commits a few atrocities in Euenjigba which makes him controversial today
Sub-monarchs
Heads of Hanover
Electors of Brunswick-Lüneburg
-or of "Hanover"
-in personal union with British Isles (Heads of British Isles > Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) and its rulers claim title till 1896 (Heads of British Isles > Guelph Line)
1797-1820: George III
1820-1824: George IV
1824-1832: Frederick I
1832-1833: Edward I
1833-1851: Ernest Augustus II
1851-1882: George V
-following French Wars > Third French War (1847-54)), rising movement for Protestant synods and ecumenism across Germany incl. Hanover
-this goes further when Catholic schism (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII) happens and brings idea of religious reform up into the air
-but as far as George V is concerned this is a movement of Puritan republicanism
-causes major crisis following issuing of catechism
-Source
-spirals out of control
-opponents praised as modern day Luther
-riots all over the place
-and merges with liberal-revolutionary sentiments
-series of uprisings in 1860s against the elector
-due to his stance on church angering many and turning them against him
-does not provoke intervention because it implicates the church issue
-eventually suppressed
-finally other German states push George V to resign
-his successor finally accepts church synod
1882-1922: Ernest Augustus III
1922-1954: Georg VI
1954-1955: Wilhelm V
-brother of Georg VI
1955-1984: Ernst August IV
-is able to become emperor in 1964 as Heads of Germany > 1964-1984 Ernest (Guelph))
-in a historic event, is a Protestant
1984-2004: Christian I
2004-pres.: Friedrich II
Heads of Austria
Archdukes of Austria
1792-1835: Francis II
1835-1853: Ferdinand IV
-with his failure to be elected he is substituted with Heads of Germany > 1837-1869 Leopold III (Habsburg))
-despite some talk of having him abdicate all his posts he stays on
-a sort of traditionalist opposition to Leopold III gathers around him
-despite this, is forced to succumb to pretty heavy pressure due to the financial crisis
-under influence of reactionary wife engages in increasingly suppressive and absolutist policies
-unconstitutional behavior in Hungary pisses off a lot of aristocrats
-Heads of Germany > 1837-1869 Leopold III (Habsburg)) unifies from above Austria and Mark and other parts into commercial union
-results in economic crisis as cheaper goods from rest of Germany flow into it and cause industrial collapse
-after Hungary breaks off at his feeble and inept rule he's forced to abdicate from his offices
1853-1869: Leopold III (Habsburg)
-as he is already Emperor, instead continues to govern from Hamm which is so near Frankfurt
-results in a fair bit of dissatisfaction
1869-1892: Karl VIII
1892-1940: Franz Salvator
1940-1989: Karl IX
Heads of Bavaria
Electors of Bavaria
1777-1799: Charles Theodore
1799-1822: Maximilian IV Joseph
-alliance with France in War of the French Revolution (1792-1804).html) sees great success
-and helps expand Bavaria's size a lot
-reign dominated by Maximilian von Montgelas
-his minister who administers over an ambitious program of centralization and modernization
1822-1854: Louis XI
-downfall of Montgelas who he despises
-changes sides in this era to Austrians
-just in time for French Wars > Second French War (1821-32))
-rules over ambitious period of industrialization
1854-1916: Leopold II
-with papal schism (Roman Catholic Popes > 1839-1858 Pius VII) firmly sides with Independent Catholics
-and takes bishops with him
-overturns Concordat because he deems it a threat to sovereignty
-enacts pretty broad constitutional reforms starting in 1861
-to establish strength against Roman Catholic Church and all
-support of the newly strengthened Landtag and new constitutionalist administration
-and Landtag dramatically expanded in electorate size
-he enacts kulturkrieg against Catholic Church in this era
-causes chaos as Roman Catholic Church properties nationalized under Bavarian Independent Catholic Church
-with French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4)) he fully supports it
-comes to peace with Roman Catholics and lets off kulturkrieg in this era
-and though does not return Roman Catholic properties, does give them small compensation
-as reign continues, holding of reins over Bavaria loosens
-makes Bavaria into a fairly democratic state, one of the most in Germany
-and dies at age of 95
Heads of Saxony
Electors of Saxony
1763-1827: Frederick Augustus III
-successfully carries his realm through difficult situation
-begins period of modernization
1827-1836: Anthony
-obtains land from Prussia after French Wars > Second French War (1821-32))
1836-1838: Maximilian
-old man who dies soon
1836-1876: Frederick Augustus IV
1878-1879: Johann
1879-1905: Friedrich August V
Heads of Tellgau
Electors of Wurttemberg
1804-1816: Frederick I
-harsh and punitive mediatization to include his newly allocated lands within his realm
1816-1825: Frederick William
-state-strengthening reforms continue with process of consolidation
-intervenes against France with Second French War (1821-32).html)
-however, in 1825 famine concerns sees declaration of a republic in Stuttgart
-and electorate dissolves in rebellion
-Frederick William formally abdicates then flees
-gets compensated in the form of a smaller kingdom carved out of Prussian soil
Presidents of the Swabian Republic
1825-1828: idk
-faced with French invasion in its protection
-it accepts this and France absorbs it into Tellian Republic from above
Grand Electors of the Tellian Republic
1828-1842: idk
[...]
1876-1880: idk
-Tellgau's Legislative Body formally declares end of French alliance
-France dissolves this, Tellgau requests German aid and begins French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4))
1880-1885: idk
-with end of war, government now appoints an elector, of Thurn and Taxis
-as a popular sovereignty state which preserves most republican institutions
Electors of Tellgau
1885-1916: Gustav (Thurn and Taxis)
-comes into it during war as general
-and wins support of the people doing his adventuring
-spends most of his time away from Tellgau in Reichstag and lets his viceroy represent him
-which is just the way he likes it
Heads of Hesse-Kassel
Electors of Hesse-Kassel
1804-1822: William I
1822-1848: William II
1848-1857: William III
-this guy
-with William II dying
1857-1892: Friedrich Wilhelm I
-also Heads of Denmark > 1847-1892 Frederik Vilhelm I
-rules the state from Denmark, but deeply tied to his ancestral home
1892-1925: Friedrich Wilhelm II
1925-1941: Friedrich Karl
Heads of Hildesheim
Electors of Hildesheim
1832-1841: Frederick William
-replacement for obliteration of Wurttemberg